Sustainable Machining: A Comprehensive Review of Vegetable Oil-Based Metalworking Fluids

Abstract

The manufacturing area heavily relies on metalworking fluids (MWFs) to cool and lubricate the cutting zone, thereby enhancing tool life and surface finish. Historically, petroleum-based mineral oils have dominated this application. However, growing environmental, occupational health, and economic concerns have driven research toward sustainable alternatives. This paper reviews the performance, mechanisms, and recent advancements of vegetable oil-based cutting fluids in various machining operations. Drawing upon current literature, this review examines the lubricity, cooling capacity, and tribological behaviors of biological oils when applied to both ferrous and non-ferrous metals. Advanced application strategies, including Minimum Quantity Lubrication (MQL) and nano-fluid formulations, are also critically evaluated.