The Effectiveness of Public Policies and Legislative Frameworks in Reducing Carbon Emissions in the Libyan Environment: A Comparative Analytical Study in the Regional Context

Abstract

This study evaluates the effectiveness of public policies and legislative frameworks in reducing carbon emissions in Libya, comparing its performance with Egypt and Morocco. Using a comparative analytical approach based on international data (2020–2025), the findings reveal that while Libya possesses a foundational legal framework (Environmental Protection Law No. 15/2003), it suffers from weak enforcement mechanisms, lack of funding, and poor environmental governance, significantly limiting its impact. In contrast, regional experiences show relative success: Morocco boasts an advanced, integrated legislative and energy policy framework supported by strong institutions and investment incentives, while Egypt demonstrates partial progress through legislative updates and national strategies. The study concludes that the core gap is not merely legislative but institutional and executive; laws alone are insufficient without robust implementing structures, monitoring systems, financing mechanisms, and accurate data. Recommendations include updating legislation, establishing a national GHG inventory, creating an independent regulatory body, developing a measurable national renewable energy strategy with clear targets, and adopting innovative financing models to attract investment. An "ambitious transition" scenario is the only viable path for Libya to achieve significant emission reductions and improve its environmental performance, leveraging its vast solar energy potential.